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                <h2 id="Python安装">Python安装</h2>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.python.org/">官网地址</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Python基础知识">Python基础知识</h2>
<p>标识符 英文/数字/下划线</p>
<p>单下划线开头</p>
<p>_foo 不能直接访问的类属性(private)需提供接口 不能用 from xxx import * 导入</p>
<p>双下划线开头</p>
<p>__foo 私有成员</p>
<p>双下划线开头结尾</p>
<p><strong>foo</strong> 特殊方法专用标识 <strong>init</strong>() 构造函数</p>
<p>成员属性(字段)/实例属性(map)/类属性(静态公有变量)</p>
<img src="/python/Python%E5%B1%9E%E6%80%A7%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A.png" class="" title="图片">
<p>关键字</p>
<img src="/python/Python%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E5%AD%97.png" class="" title="图片">
<p>数据类型(5)</p>
<p>Number(数字) String(字符串) List(列表) Tuple(元组) Dictionatry(字典)</p>
<h2 id="Python函数">Python函数</h2>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">func_name</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>param_name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
    <span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>param_name<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="安装包">安装包</h2>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token builtin class-name">cd</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>安装路径<span class="token punctuation">}</span>/Scripts
pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>package<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--upgrade</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>package<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="conda">conda</h3>
<p>conda是一种可用于python的包管理工具<br>
如果系统没有安装python环境，也可以使用 conda 内置的python安装包</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://docs.conda.io/en/latest/miniconda.html#windows-installers">官方文档</a></li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment"># linux安装 miniconda</span>
<span class="token function">wget</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-c</span> https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh

<span class="token function">chmod</span> <span class="token number">777</span> Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh
<span class="token function">sh</span> Miniconda3-latest-Linux-x86_64.sh <span class="token comment"># 是否初始化 miniconda3 选择 yes</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1677257712310498702&amp;wfr=spider&amp;for=pc">conda 简单介绍</a></li>
</ul>
<p>windows 安装成功后使用对应的控制面板 &gt;&gt;&gt; <code>Anaconda Prompt</code></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment"># 如果找不到控制面板，进入安装目录</span>
python .<span class="token punctuation">\</span>Lib<span class="token punctuation">\</span>_nsis.py mkmenus
conda <span class="token parameter variable">--version</span>
python <span class="token parameter variable">--version</span>
pip <span class="token parameter variable">--version</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="配置阿里数据源"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror/anaconda">配置阿里数据源</a></h4>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--set</span> show_channel_urls <span class="token function">yes</span> <span class="token comment"># windows 生成 .condarc 文件配置</span>
conda clean <span class="token parameter variable">-i</span> <span class="token comment"># 配置完成后，清理索引缓存</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--show</span> channels <span class="token comment"># 展示所有镜像源</span>
conda clean <span class="token parameter variable">--all</span>  <span class="token comment"># 清理所有缓存</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>用户目录下 .condarc 文件配置</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-text" data-language="text"><code class="language-text">channels:
  - defaults
show_channel_urls: true
default_channels:
  - http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/pkgs/main
  - http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/pkgs/r
  - http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/pkgs/msys2
custom_channels:
  conda-forge: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud
  msys2: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud
  bioconda: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud
  menpo: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud
  pytorch: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud
  simpleitk: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/anaconda/cloud<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<pre class="line-numbers language-text" data-language="text"><code class="language-text">envs_dirs:
  - E:/data/miniconda3/envs
channels:
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/
default_channels:
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
  - http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/r
show_channel_urls: true<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="设置默认下载的镜像地址">设置默认下载的镜像地址</h4>
<p>注意: 可以先安装包、如果包下载异常才考虑用镜像 或者 考虑用 pip 下载工具</p>
<p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.python100.com/html/T3QF9436G2NX.html">使用conda添加镜像源</a></p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment"># https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/pypi/</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--add</span> channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/ <span class="token comment"># 增加清华大学镜像源</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--remove</span> channels <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>镜像源<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>  <span class="token comment"># 删除指定镜像源镜像</span>
conda config --remove-key channels <span class="token comment"># 删除全部镜像源</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--write</span> <span class="token comment"># 保存配置</span>
conda config --default-channel <span class="token comment"># windows环境无法使用该命令设置默认镜像源</span>
conda config --set-default-channel https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free <span class="token comment"># 将某镜像设置为默认通道</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--show</span> channels <span class="token comment"># 展示所有镜像源</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>添加常用的镜像源</p>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--add</span> channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--add</span> channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--add</span> channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--add</span> channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/pytorch/<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="conda创建环境">conda创建环境</h4>
<ul>
<li>conda是为了解决不同python项目依赖差异的问题, 可以创建多个环境处理这个问题</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">conda update <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> base <span class="token parameter variable">-c</span> defaults conda <span class="token comment"># 版本升级</span>
conda <span class="token function">env</span> list <span class="token comment"># 查看所有已经传教的环境</span>
conda create <span class="token parameter variable">--name</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>envname<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 创建一个新的conda环境</span>
conda create <span class="token parameter variable">-n</span> chatglm <span class="token parameter variable">--clone</span> base <span class="token comment"># 创建一个克隆环境</span>
conda create <span class="token parameter variable">--prefix</span><span class="token operator">=</span>E:/data/miniconda3/envs/chatGLM <span class="token comment"># 显式的指定路径，激活也需要指定路径，比较麻烦，可以直接更改环境地址</span>
conda config <span class="token parameter variable">--append</span> envs_dirs E:/data/miniconda3/envs <span class="token comment"># 配置环境所在的默认路径</span>
conda create <span class="token parameter variable">--name</span> snapshot <span class="token parameter variable">--clone</span> myenv <span class="token comment"># 从已有的环境克隆配置新环境</span>
conda activate <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>envname<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 激活新的环境</span>
conda deactivate <span class="token comment"># 退出环境</span>
conda <span class="token function">env</span> remove <span class="token parameter variable">--name</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>envname<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 删除环境</span>
conda <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--file</span> requirements.txt <span class="token comment"># 安装项目要求的环境依赖项</span>
conda list <span class="token comment"># 验证所有依赖项是否已经安装正确</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="conda简单命令">conda简单命令</h4>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash">conda update conda <span class="token comment"># 更新最新版本 conda</span>
conda <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">python</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">3.13</span> <span class="token comment"># https://www.python.org/getit/</span>
conda <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 安装包</span>
conda <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;=</span><span class="token operator">&lt;</span>version<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 安装指定版本包</span>
conda update <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 更新包</span>
conda remove <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 卸载包</span>
conda search <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 搜索包</span>
conda list <span class="token punctuation">[</span>-n <span class="token punctuation">[</span>env_name<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token comment"># 展示当前环境安装的所有包 -n 指定环境名称</span>
conda list <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token comment"># 查看指定包版本信息</span>
conda info <span class="token parameter variable">--envs</span> <span class="token comment"># 查看环境中的安装包版本</span>
conda clean <span class="token parameter variable">--all</span> <span class="token comment"># 清理不再使用的包</span>
conda <span class="token function">env</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> environment.yml <span class="token comment"># 导出环境配置</span>
conda list <span class="token parameter variable">-e</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> requirements.txt <span class="token comment"># 导出当前环境版本</span>
conda <span class="token function">env</span> create <span class="token parameter variable">--file</span> environment.yml <span class="token comment"># 导入环境配置</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="uv">uv</h3>
<ul>
<li>uv 凭借其极速和现代化设计，正在成为 Python 开发者的新宠</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment">## 安装uv (windows如何安装?)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 使用 curl</span>
<span class="token function">curl</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-LsSf</span> https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sh</span>
<span class="token comment"># 或使用 wget</span>
<span class="token function">wget</span> -qO- https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">sh</span>
<span class="token comment"># 安装完成后，按提示符将uv添加到环境变量</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">source</span> ~/.bashrc  <span class="token comment"># 或 source ~/.zshrc（使用 Zsh 时）</span>
<span class="token comment"># 验证安装</span>
uv <span class="token parameter variable">--version</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>windows安装uv</li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment"># 方案一：通过PowerShell一键安装</span>
<span class="token comment"># 使用官方安装脚本（需科学上网或网络畅通）</span>
irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 <span class="token operator">|</span> iex
<span class="token comment"># 将 uv 添加到当前会话的环境变量</span>
<span class="token variable">$env</span>:Path <span class="token operator">+=</span> <span class="token string">";<span class="token variable">$env</span>:USERPROFILE\.cargo<span class="token entity" title="\b">\b</span>in"</span>
<span class="token comment"># 安装完成后，将uv添加到系统环境变量，永久生效（可选）</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>System.Environment<span class="token punctuation">]</span>::SetEnvironmentVariable<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Path"</span>, <span class="token punctuation">[</span>System.Environment<span class="token punctuation">]</span>::GetEnvironmentVariable<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Path"</span>, <span class="token punctuation">[</span>System.EnvironmentVariableTarget<span class="token punctuation">]</span>::User<span class="token punctuation">)</span> + <span class="token string">";<span class="token variable">$env</span>:USERPROFILE\.cargo<span class="token entity" title="\b">\b</span>in"</span>, <span class="token punctuation">[</span>System.EnvironmentVariableTarget<span class="token punctuation">]</span>::User<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

<span class="token comment"># 方案二：通过pipx安装（废弃：高版本可以一键安装）</span>
python <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--user</span> pipx
<span class="token comment"># 卸载 pipx</span>
python <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> pip uninstall pipx
python <span class="token parameter variable">-m</span> pipx ensurepath
<span class="token comment"># 查看系统缓存路径</span>
pipx environment
<span class="token comment"># pipx更改缓存路径；更改系统缓存变量</span>
PIPX_HOME <span class="token operator">=</span> E:<span class="token punctuation">\</span>python<span class="token punctuation">\</span>pipx
PIPX_BIN_DIR <span class="token operator">=</span> %PIPX_HOME%<span class="token punctuation">\</span>bin
PIPX_MAN_DIR <span class="token operator">=</span> %PIPX_HOME%<span class="token punctuation">\</span>share<span class="token punctuation">\</span>man
PIPX_CACHE_DIR <span class="token operator">=</span> %PIPX_HOME%<span class="token punctuation">\</span>.cache
<span class="token comment"># 安装uv</span>
pipx <span class="token function">install</span> uv

<span class="token comment"># 方案三： pip 安装；不建议：环境较复杂</span>
pip <span class="token function">install</span> uv <span class="token parameter variable">--user</span>

<span class="token comment"># 方案四：二进制安装或cargo编辑安装</span>

<span class="token comment"># uv官网： https://docs.astral.sh/uv/getting-started/installation/#cargo</span>
<span class="token comment"># 验证安装 </span>
uv <span class="token parameter variable">--version</span>

<span class="token comment"># uv查看默认缓存路径</span>
uv cache <span class="token function">dir</span>
<span class="token comment"># 更改默认缓存路径：永久更改在系统环境变量中进行</span>
<span class="token comment"># 临时设置（仅当前终端会话生效）</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">export</span> <span class="token assign-left variable">UV_CACHE_DIR</span><span class="token operator">=</span>/path/to/custom_cache
<span class="token comment"># Windows（PowerShell）: 临时设置</span>
<span class="token variable">$env</span>:UV_CACHE_DIR <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"E:\data\uv<span class="token entity" title="\c">\c</span>ache"</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>基本使用 <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://hellowac.github.io/uv-zh-cn/getting-started/installation/">https://hellowac.github.io/uv-zh-cn/getting-started/installation/</a></li>
</ul>
<pre class="line-numbers language-bash" data-language="bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token comment"># 创建虚拟环境</span>
uv venv myenv  <span class="token comment"># 创建名为 myenv 的虚拟环境</span>
<span class="token comment"># 激活虚拟环境</span>
<span class="token builtin class-name">source</span> myenv/bin/activate
<span class="token comment"># 激活虚拟环境 windows</span>
.<span class="token punctuation">\</span>myenv<span class="token punctuation">\</span>Scripts<span class="token punctuation">\</span>activate

<span class="token comment"># 查看可用的python环境</span>
uv python list
<span class="token comment"># 指定python环境创建虚拟环境</span>
uv venv <span class="token parameter variable">--python</span> <span class="token number">3.11</span>.6 <span class="token comment"># https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/689976933</span>
<span class="token comment">## 设置当前实用的python环境</span>
uv python pin <span class="token number">3.13</span>

<span class="token comment"># 安装依赖包</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> numpy pandas  <span class="token comment"># 单包或多包安装</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-r</span> requirements.txt  <span class="token comment"># 从文件安装</span>
<span class="token comment"># 生成锁定文件</span>
uv pip compile requirements.in <span class="token parameter variable">-o</span> requirements.txt  <span class="token comment"># 生成精确依赖版本</span>
<span class="token comment"># 运行python脚本</span>
uv run main.py  <span class="token comment"># 自动解析依赖并运行（实验性功能）</span>
<span class="token comment"># 退出虚拟环境</span>
deactivate
<span class="token comment"># 替代pip命令</span>
uv pip list       <span class="token comment"># 查看已安装包</span>
uv pip uninstall <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>package<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>  <span class="token comment"># 卸载包</span>
uv pip freeze    <span class="token comment"># 导出依赖列表</span>
<span class="token comment"># 依赖解析加速</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">--resolution</span><span class="token operator">=</span>fast  <span class="token comment"># 快速解析模式（忽略次要版本冲突）</span>
<span class="token comment"># 配置镜像源(国内加速)</span>
uv pip config <span class="token builtin class-name">set</span> global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
<span class="token comment"># windows更改环境变量</span>
<span class="token assign-left variable">UV_DEFAULT_INDEX</span><span class="token operator">=</span>https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple

<span class="token comment">## 处理 toml 管理的项目</span>
<span class="token comment"># 安装项目依赖（普通模式）</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
<span class="token comment"># 或者以可编辑模式安装（开发时推荐）</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-e</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span>
<span class="token comment"># 如果项目中定义了开发依赖[tool.poetry.dev-dependencies] 可使用 -d 参数安装</span>
uv pip <span class="token function">install</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-e</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">.</span> <span class="token parameter variable">-E</span> dev <span class="token comment"># -d 命令是 pip 执行的命令</span>

<span class="token comment"># 启动项目</span>
python main.py
<span class="token comment"># 如果项目定义了命令行工具，可以使用提示的命令行工具启动</span>
<span class="token comment"># pyproject.toml 示例</span>
<span class="token punctuation">[</span>tool.poetry.scripts<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
mycli <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">"mypackage:main"</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="字符串转json">字符串转json</h2>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">import</span> json
<span class="token comment"># len(str) &gt; 0</span>
json<span class="token punctuation">.</span>loads<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token builtin">str</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h2 id="发送HTTP请求">发送HTTP请求</h2>
<h3 id="引入-requests-包">引入 requests 包</h3>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python"><span class="token keyword">import</span> requests<span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span></span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>发送请求(包括请求行、方法类型、头、体) &amp; 常见的请求方式有get、post、put、delete</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="发送get请求">发送get请求</h3>
<p>格式：requests.get() (内容： url必填； params选填：url参数字典)</p>
<h4 id="无参数的get请求">无参数的get请求</h4>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'https://yz.chsi.com.cn/zsml/pages/getMl.jsp'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 打印响应主体内容，字符串格式</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h4 id="有参数的get请求">有参数的get请求</h4>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>get<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'https://yz.chsi.com.cn/zsml/code/zy.do'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                   params<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"q"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">'0101'</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 打印响应主体内容，字符串格式</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h3 id="发送post请求">发送post请求</h3>
<blockquote>
<p>知识扩展</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>requests.post() post请求分为5种，常用的有三种，如下
<ul>
<li>① application/x-www-form-urlencod (form表单)；</li>
<li>② raw (纯文本格式)：有5种格式，分别为json/xml/Html/Text/JavaScrip</li>
<li>③ multipart/form-data (复合式表单)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="有正文体的post请求">有正文体的post请求</h4>
<h5 id="form表单-application-x-www-form-urlencod-data-后跟字典">form表单(application/x-www-form-urlencod) ----data 后跟字典</h5>
<blockquote>
<p>eg.1: 带参数的查询接口</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>post<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'http://ws.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/WeatherWS.asmx/getSupportCityString'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
headers<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"Content-Type"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
data<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"theRegionCode"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token number">3113</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>eg.2: 带账号名密码的登录接口</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>post<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'http://123.56.99.53:9000/event/api/admin/'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
headers<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"Content-Type"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
data<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"username"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"admin"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">"password"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"MTIzYWRtaW4="</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<h5 id="纯文本格式-raw">纯文本格式(raw)</h5>
<blockquote>
<p>~ xml格式    ----data    后跟字符串</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>post<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'http://ws.webxml.com.cn/WebServices/WeatherWS.asmx'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
headers <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"Content-Type"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"text/xml; charset=utf-8"</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
<span class="token string">"SOAPAction"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"http://WebXml.com.cn/getSupportCityString"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
data <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token triple-quoted-string string">'''&lt;?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?&gt;
&lt;soap:Envelope xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:soap="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"&gt;
&lt;soap:Body&gt;
&lt;getSupportCityString xmlns="http://WebXml.com.cn/"&gt;
&lt;theRegionCode&gt;string&lt;/theRegionCode&gt;
&lt;/getSupportCityString&gt;
&lt;/soap:Body&gt;
&lt;/soap:Envelope&gt;'''</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<blockquote>
<p>~json格式     ----- json  后跟字典(常用)， or ----data  后跟json字符串</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>post<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'http://123.56.99.53:5000/event/weather/getWeather/'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
headers<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"Content-Type"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"application/json"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
json<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"theCityCode"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"1001"</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>json后面跟的是字典即json={“theCityCode”: “1001”})，可改成 data=‘{“theCityCode”: “1001”})’；字典能自动转为json字符串，所以一般用字典表示；建议纯json正文的接口使用第一种方式，除非是较长的字符串</p>
<blockquote>
<p>复合式表单(multipart/form-data ) ------上传二进制文件    ---- key value (接口名称：文件名）</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="line-numbers language-python" data-language="python"><code class="language-python">res <span class="token operator">=</span> requests<span class="token punctuation">.</span>post<span class="token punctuation">(</span>url<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'http://123.56.99.53:9001/api/uploadFile/'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
headers<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"Cookie"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token string">"uid=1;token=44c972f05d76fdd93c31f9c2b65bb098f308cdfc"</span>
<span class="token comment">#"Content-Type": "multipart/form-data"},</span>
<span class="token comment">#有的接口不需要写正文体格式，老服务器一般需要写</span>
              files<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token string">"myfile1"</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token builtin">open</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">'D:\全力以富\1.docx'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token string">'rb'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
                     <span class="token comment">#"myfile2: open(上传多个文件)"})</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>res<span class="token punctuation">.</span>text<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="line-numbers-rows"><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span><span></span></span></code></pre>
<p>上传接口 files={‘文件路径’,‘rb’}  rb表示</p>
<h2 id="问题解决">问题解决</h2>
<h3 id="pycharm提示ModuleNotFoundError-No-module-named-requests">pycharm提示ModuleNotFoundError: No module named <code>requests</code></h3>
<p>File &gt; Settings &gt; Project: {project-name} &gt; Python Interpreter</p>

                
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